|
|
| Appearance
|
metallic yellow
|
| General properties
|
| Name, symbol, number
|
gold, Au, 79
|
| Element category
|
transition metal
|
| Group, period, block
|
11, 6, d
|
| Standard atomic weight
|
196.966569(4) g·mol−1
|
| Electron configuration
|
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1
|
| Electrons per shell
|
2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 1 (Image)
|
| Physical properties
|
| Phase
|
solid
|
| Density (near r.t.)
|
19.30 g·cm−3
|
| Liquid density at m.p.
|
17.31 g·cm−3
|
| Melting point
|
1337.33 K, 1064.18 °C, 1947.52 °F
|
| Boiling point
|
3129 K, 2856 °C, 5173 °F
|
| Heat of fusion
|
12.55 kJ·mol−1
|
| Heat of vaporization
|
324 kJ·mol−1
|
| Specific heat capacity
|
(25 °C) 25.418 J·mol−1·K−1
|
| Vapor pressure
|
| P/Pa
|
1
|
10
|
100
|
1 k
|
10 k
|
100 k
|
| at T/K
|
1646
|
1814
|
2021
|
2281
|
2620
|
3078
|
|
| Atomic properties
|
| Oxidation states
|
-1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
(amphoteric oxide)
|
| Electronegativity
|
2.54 (Pauling scale)
|
| Ionization energies
|
1st: 890.1 kJ·mol−1
|
| 2nd: 1980 kJ·mol−1
|
| Atomic radius
|
144 pm
|
| Covalent radius
|
136±6 pm
|
| Van der Waals radius
|
166 pm
|
| Miscellanea
|
| Crystal structure
|
Lattice face centered cubic
|
| Magnetic ordering
|
diamagnetic
|
| Electrical resistivity
|
(20 °C) 22.14 nΩ·m
|
| Thermal conductivity
|
(300 K) 318 W·m−1·K−1
|
| Thermal expansion
|
(25 °C) 14.2 µm·m−1·K−1
|
| Speed of sound (thin rod)
|
(r.t.) 2030 m·s−1
|
| Tensile strength
|
120 MPa
|
| Shear modulus
|
27 GPa
|
| Bulk modulus
|
180 GPa
|
| Poisson ratio
|
0.44
|
| Mohs hardness
|
2.5
|
| Vickers hardness
|
216 MPa
|
| Brinell hardness
|
25 HB MPa
|
| CAS registry number
|
7440-57-5
|
| Most stable isotopes
|
| Main article: Isotopes of gold
|
|
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|
