Help:Hū secge ic/Speech & grammar
- Also see the list of adverbs.
Misc phrases and useful words
adihtan- Nean - 'approximately', 'about', 'nearly'
- Seo eac - 'See also'
- eac X gehaten - 'also known as X'
- to bisene, to bisne, for bisne - 'for example' (cf. German zum Beispiel)
- utanwearde bendas - external links
- and swā forþ, asf. - and so forth, etc.
- cuman of - 'to come from' - ic cume of Irlande (I come from Ireland)
- cuman + ptp - 'to get x, to become x' - þa com Gallicanus eac to Gode gebogen (then Gallicanus also got converted)
- cuman up - 'to be born in a country' - ic wæs up gecumen in American (I was born in America)
- cuman forþ - 'to be carried out successfully, succeed' - gif se aþ forþ cume (if the oath succeeds)
- cuman + infinitive - (to express manner or purpose) - he com lædan he came leading, came to lead; sunnan leoma cymþ scinan a sunbeam shall come shining or begin to shine; com gretan came to greet; com weorc sceawian come to view the work
- onginnan + infinitive - (to attempt to, try to; to begin to) - he ongann cuman he attempted to come
- don hwone to hwæm' - to make someone something - Romane hie to gafolgieldum dydon the Romans made them tributaries
- æht besittan - to sit in council - Ealdormenn besæton æht
Speech
adihtan- It is time for you to go - tid is þæt þu fere
- while he.... - under þæm þe he...; þa hwile þe...
- by doing x... - mid þy þe.....
- ...word for... - ...word mænende..." (but ...word for... usually used, although it is not known if that phrase would make any sense at all to an Old English speaker, but probably ...word mænende... would, as it literally means ...word meaning...")
Directions
adihtanVerbs of motion
adihtanGān - to go
Faran - to travel
Adverbs of motion
adihtan- hider - to here, hither
- hanon - from here, hence
- þider - to there, thither
- þanon - from there, thence
- gegnum - away, forwards, straight on, thither (poetic, formal word) (seems like geradeaus, DE)
Numbers
adihtan- an; forma
- twegen, twa, tu; oðer
- þrie, þreo; þridda
- feower; feorða
- fif; fifta
- six; sixta
- seofon; seofoða
- eahta; eahtoða
- nigon; nigoða
- tiene; teoða
- endleofan; endleofta
- twelf; twelfta
- þreotiene; þreoteoða
- feowertiene; feowerteoða
- fiftiene; fifteoða
- sixtiene; sixteoða
- seofontiene; seofonteoða
- eahtatiene; eahtateoða
- nigontiene; nigonteoða
- twentig; twentigoða
- an and twentig; an and twentigoða
30. þrītig; þrītigoða 40. fēoƿertig; fēoƿertigoða 50. fīftig; fīftigoða 60. sixtig; sixtigoða 70. hundseofontig; hundseofontigoða 80. hundeahtatig; hundeahtatigoða 90. hundnigontig; hundnigontigoða 100. hund, hundred, hundtēontig; hundtēontigoða 110. hundendleofantig; hundendleofantigoða 120. hundtƿelftig; hundtƿelftigoða 200. tū hund 300. þrēo hund 1000. þūsend
- Hē rīcsode seofon mōnþas - he ruled seven months. (hē rīcsode 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 mōnþas)
- hē rīcsode seofon and þrītig ƿintra - he ruled thirty-seven years (ƿintra in genitive plural).
Parts, Counting, and Estimation
adihtan- a certain, some - sum (noun) - sum mann - a certain man
- one of - sum + genitive - ic ƿæs þāra manna sum - I was one of the men
- some of - sum + pronoun/article - mid sumum þǣm fultume - with some of the help; sume hīe - some of them
- negative - ƿiþsacendlic
- about, approximately - nēan, fōrnēan (not "ymb")
Note that ordinal numbers ("first, second, third, etc.") are expressed by adding "-þa" (with the weak adjectival declension) to most numbers (note that the "þ" assimilates with other dental consonants)
However, note:
- First - forma wk
- Second - ōðer st
- Ninth - nigoða wk
- Tenth - tēoða wk
Words for animal articles
adihtan- Þæt Gebǣre - behavior
- Geþoftung - reproduction (from the verb geþoftian)
- Sēo Feðer - feather (pl: feðera)
- Þæt fiðere - wing (pl: fiðeru)
Useful affixes
adihtanPrefixes
adihtan- Æt- = at, to, from
- Be-, bi- = around, surrounding, turns non-transitive to transitive
- Eft- = back, again
- For-, fōr- = intensification, opposition [sometimes shortening of "fore-, fōre-"]
- Fore-, fōre- = before of time/place
- Ge- = no meaning, togetherness, collectivity, verbal perfective meaning
- Tō- = division, separation
Suffixes
adihtan- -el, -ol sm - nominal personal or inanimate
- -hād sm = nominal abstract, especially denoting the being of something or a stage of life [like ME "child-hood", "knight-hood"]
- -hǣƿen = adjectival "-coloured, -hued"
- -incel sn = nominal diminutive
- -ing sm = nominal "son of", perhaps useful to show that on thing is product of another; alternate spelling of "-ung"
- -isc - adjectival "-ish"
- -ness sf = nominal abstract (like MnE "-ness")
- -ung sf = nominal making noun of verbs especially