Pulgara Cyning
(Edlǣded of Pulgara Cyningas)
Pulgara Cyningas be missenlicum titlum ricsoden on Pulgarum of þæs rīces forma staþle (se hēt man þæt Forma Pulgara Rīce) in 681 oð thame dæg þan ahƿeafen Communistas þone cynedōm in 1946. In his ylde þolede þisne cynedōm tƿone tīdas under elelendiscum oferhlāfordscipe: healf ōðre hund geara unde þæm Constantinipolis Rīce and ælmæst fīf hundred ƿintra þæs Oþomaniscan Rīces. Early Pulgarisca rīcan hycgð man benyttedon þone naman Khan, later knyaz for scortum tīde, and æfterƿearde tsar.
Tsar seo titul (se is of þæm Ƿendiscum spræce þæs Læden ƿordes Caesar (se is cāsere), and Pulgare nām þis ƿord for hiera bregum for Simeon I, æfter his mæran sige ofer þæm Constantinopolis Rīce in 913. Eall Simeones æftergengan nyttedon þās title oð Pulgrara rīces feall þæm Turciscum Bregum in 1396.
Æfter þe þā Pulgare abrācon of þæm Turcum in 1878, cēas hiera forma cyning Alexander I þe his titul biþ knyaz, ac his cynedōm næs sundorrīce in Turcena ēagum oþ 1908 and on þæm dæge abannede Ferdinand Alexandres sunu þe he biþ Tsar, se is 'Cyning'. Se nama tsar abād under Ferdinande his ierfum Boris III and Simeon II.
Oððæt ðe tsar ƿæs onƿendode "cāsere" in þæm Forma and Ōðrum Pulgara Rīcum Empires, in þissum ylde hæfþ man onƿended þæt ƿord "cyning".
In þara fēam alibbendum Middelyldra Pulgariscum cynelicum bōcum, healdon Pulgarena Cyningas mid langum titlum tobysene "In Criste se Ƿealdende se Trēoƿe Cāsere and Autocrat of Eallra Pulgara" oððe gelicum þingum, and oft ēac "... and Rōmƿara, Crēaca, or Vlacha".
Pulgara rīcena getæl
adihtanThis list does not include the mythical Bulgar rulers and the rulers of Old Great Bulgaria listed in the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans as well as unsuccessful claimants to the throne who are not generally listed among the Bulgarian monarchs.
| Gelicnes | Titul | Nama | Rīce | Glēsing/Dēaþ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
First Bulgarian Empire (681–1018)adihtan | ||||
| Dulo cynn (681–753) | ||||
 |
Khan | Asparukh | 681–700 | Kubrating, se ricsode on þæm Eald Micel Pulgaraland. Æfter his sige æt Ongal Beadƿe in 680 sceap he Pulgara land on Europan. Forþferde in 700 in gūþ ƿiþ Khazaras.[1] |
 |
Khan | Tervel | 700–721 | Fōn þā titul 'Caesar' in 705.[2][3] Tervel sæd man in his dæge ƿæs Europan Hælend forþæm þe Pulgare slōgon Arabas in þære Constantinopolis Besetnesse. Forþferde in 721.[4] |
| Khan | Kormesiy | 721–738 | Deaþ unbekenned.[5] | |
| Khan | Sevar | 738–753 | Se endmesta rica þæs Dulo cynnes. Forþferde oððe ƿæs ahƿearf in 753.[6] | |
| Vokil clan (753–762) | ||||
| Khan | Kormisosh | 753–756 | Floces unfriþ ongann. Ahƿearf in 756.[7] | |
| Khan | Vinekh | 756–762 | Gemorð in 762.[8] | |
| Ugain cynn (762–765) | ||||
| Khan | Telets | 762–765 | Gemorð in 765.[9] | |
| Ne of þæm cynecynne (765–766) | ||||
| Khan | Sabin | 765–766 | Of Ƿendiscum gebyrde hycgþ man. Ahƿearf be Folcesræde in 766, fliemede to Constantinopolis.[10] | |
| Vokil clan (766) | ||||
| Khan | Umor | 766 | Ricsode 40 niht. Ahƿearf in 766 and fled to the Byzantine Empire.[11] | |
| Non-dynastic (766–768) | ||||
| Khan | Toktu | 766–767 | Killed in the forests of the Danube in 767 by the opposition.[12] | |
| Khan | Pagan | 767–768 | Murdered by his servants in the region of Varna.[13] | |
| Krum/Dulo dynasty (768–997) | ||||
 |
Emperor | Telerig | 768–777 | Son of Tervel.Fled to Constantinople in 777 and baptised.[14] |
| Khan | Kardam | 777–803 | End of the internal crisis. Stabilization and consolidation of the country. Unknown date of death.[15] | |
 |
Casere | Krum | 803–814 | Lof mid Pliska Beadƿe þærin feall Nikephoros I Constantinopolis Cāsere, and ēac þe he geaf Pulgarum hiera ǣrrostan geƿriten ǣ. Forþferde in his bedde.[16] |
 |
Micel Casere (Kanasubigi),[17] Ruler of the many Bulgarians[18] |
Omurtag | 814–831 | Mǣre þe he timbrode micel and ednīƿede þone lēodƿeard ac he persecuted Cristenmenn.[19] |
| Khan | Malamir | 831–836 | Omurtages þridde and iengsta sunu. Forþferde in his bedde æt geongum ylde.[20] | |
| Khan | Presian I | 836–852 | Ælmæst eall Mæcedonia þæt land ƿæs brōhted in Pulgaraland.[21] | |
| Brego (Knyaz) | Boris I | 852–889 | He brohtede þa Pulgare to Criste and bannede þe Eald Ciriceƿendisc biþ þære cirican and þæs rīces ambehtsprǣc.[22] Abdicated in 883, Forþferde on 2 May 902, æt 80 ƿintra ylde.[23] Proclaimed a Saint. | |
| Brego | Vladimir | 889–893 | Borises I ieldsta sunu. Tried to restore Tengriism. Ahƿearf and blinded be his fæder in 893.[24] | |
| Brego & Tsar Pulgara and Rōmƿara Cāsere (be crafunge)[25] Pulgara Cāsere (be rihte)[26] |
Simeon I | 893–927 | Borisses Þridde sunu, he gang to ƿeordenne prēost ac drifen on þone cynestōl be þæm Preslaf Ræd. Pulgaraland areccede his hēastan be lofe and in landscipe. Gylden yld þara Pulgare. Forþferde of heorte attack on 27 May 927, æt 63 ƿintrum.[27] | |
| Casere Pulgara Cāsere[28] |
Petar I | 927–969 | Second son of Simeon I. His 42-year cynedōm is þæt lengste rīce in Pulgara stǣre. Abdicated in 969 and ƿeard munuc and forþferde on 30 January 970.[29] Proclaimed a Saint. | |
 |
Casere | Boris II | 970–971 | Petares ieldsta sunu.. Dethroned be þæm Constantinopolis Rīce in 971 and geslēan in unfære be Pulgariscum mearcƿeardum in 977 þan he cƿōm eft on his agen land.[30] |
 |
Casere | Roman | 977–991 (997) | Second son of Petar I. Castrated by the Byzantines but escaped to Bulgaria in 977. Captured in battle by the Byzantines in 991 and Forþferde in prison in Constantinople in 997.[31] |
| Cometopuli dynasty (997–1018) | ||||
 |
Casere Pulgara Cāsere[32] |
Samuel | 997–1014 | Co-ruler and general under Roman between 976 and 997. Officially proclaimed Emperor of Bulgaria in 997. Forþferde of a heart attack on 6 October 1014, aged 69–70.[33] |
| Casere | Gavril Radomir | 1014–1015 | Eldest son of Samuel, crowned on 15 October 1014. Murdered by his cousin Ivan Vladislav in August 1015.[34] | |
| Casere | Ivan Vladislav | 1015–1018 | Arones sunu and Samueles nefa. Gesl ēan æt sæcce be þære Dyrrachium Besetnesse.[35] His death brought the end of the First Bulgarian Empire which was annexed by the Byzantine Empire. | |
Proclaimed monarchs during the Byzantine rule (1040–1041 / 1072)adihtan | ||||
| Cometopuli dynasty | ||||
 |
Casere | Petar II Delyan | 1040–1041 | Claimed to have been descendent of Gavril Radomir. Led an unsuccessful uprising against Byzantine rule.[36] |
 |
Casere | Petar III | 1072 | Named Constantine Bodin and Descendent of Samuel, he was proclaimed Emperor of Bulgaria after the sainted emperor Petar I during the Uprising of Georgi Voiteh.[37] Between 1081 and 1101 he ruled as Duklja Cyning. |
Second Bulgarian Empire (1185–1396)adihtan | ||||
| Asen dynasty | ||||
| Casere | Petar IV | 1185–1190 | Named Theodore, he was proclaimed Emperor of Bulgaria as Petar IV during the successful Uprising of Asen and Petar. In 1190 he gave the throne to his younger brother.[38] | |
| Casere | Ivan Asen I | 1190–1196 | Younger brother of Petar IV. A successful general, he ruled until 1196 when he was murdered by his cousin Ivanko.[39] | |
| Casere | Petar IV | 1196–1197 | Murdered in 1197.[38] | |
 |
Casere Pulgara and Vlacha Casere |
Kaloyan | 1197–1207 | Third brother of Asen and Petar. Expanded Bulgaria and concluded a Union with the Catholic Church. Murdered by plotters during the siege of Salonica.[40] |
 |
Casere | Boril | 1207–1218 | Son of a sister of Kaloyan. Ahƿearf and blinded in 1218.[41] |
 |
Casere Emperor of the Bulgarians and the Greeks[42] |
Ivan Asen II | 1218–1241 | Eldest son of Ivan Asen I. The Second Bulgarian Empire reached its apogee. Forþferde of natural death on 24 June 1241, aged 46–47.[43] |
| Casere | Kaliman Asen I | 1241–1246 | Son of Ivan Asen II. Born in 1234, he Forþferde or was poisoned in 1246, aged 12.[44] | |
 |
Casere | Michael II Asen | 1246–1256 | Son of Ivan Asen II. Murdered by his cousin Kaliman.[45] |
| Casere | Kaliman Asen II | 1256 | Murdered in 1256.[46] | |
| Casere | Mitso Asen | 1256–1257 | Fled to the Nicaean Empire in 1261.[47] | |
 |
Casere In Christ the Lord Faithful Emperor and Autocrat of the Bulgarians[48] |
Constantine I | 1257–1277 | Bolyar of Skopie. Murdered in 1277 by the peasant leader Ivaylo.[49] |
| Casere | Ivan Asen III | 1279–1280 | Eldest son of Mitso Asen. Fled to Constantinople with the treasury.[50] | |
| Non-dynastic | ||||
| Casere | Ivaylo | 1277–1280 | Leader of a major peasant uprising. Fled to the Golden Horde but was murdered by the Mongol Khan Nogai.[36] | |
| Terter dynasty (1280–1292) | ||||
| Casere | George Terter I | 1280–1292 | Bolyar of Cherven. Fled to the Byzantine Empire in 1292, Forþferde Bulgaria in 1308–1309.[51] | |
| Non-dynastic (1292–1300) | ||||
| Casere | Smilets | 1292–1298 | Bolyar of Kopsis. Murdered or Forþferde of natural death in 1298.[52] | |
| Casere | Chaka | 1299–1300 | Son of the Mongol Nogai Khan. Ahƿearf and strangled in prison in 1300.[53] | |
| Terter dynasty (1300–1322) | ||||
 |
Casere | Theodore Svetoslav | 1300–1321 | Son of George Terter I. Spent his youth as a hostage in the Golden Horde. His rule marked a revival of Bulgaria. Forþferde of natural death in the late 1321, aged 50–55.[54] |
| Casere | George Terter II | 1321–1322 | Son of Theodore Svetoslav. Forþferde of natural death in the late 1322.[55] | |
| Shishman dynasty (1323–1396) | ||||
| Casere | Michael III Shishman | 1323–1330 | Bolyar of Vidin. Mortally wounded in the battle of Velbazhd on 28 July 1330 against the Serbs.[56] | |
| Casere | Ivan Stephen | 1330–1331 | Son of Michael III Shishman. Ahƿearf in March 1331 and fled to Serbia.[57] Might have Forþferde in 1373. | |
 |
Casere In Christ the Lord Faithful Emperor and Autocrat of all Bulgarians[58] and Greeks[59] |
Ivan Alexander | 1331–1371 | Bolyar of Lovech. Descended of the Asen, Terter and Shishman dynasties. Second Golden Age of Bulgarian culture. Forþferde of natural death on 17 February 1371, leaving Bulgaria divided among his sons.[56] |
 |
Casere In Christ the Lord Faithful Emperor and Autocrat of all Bulgarians and Greeks[60] |
Ivan Shishman | 1371–1395 | Fourth son of Ivan Alexander. Beheaded by the Ottomans on 3 June 1395.[61] |
 |
Casere Emperor of the Bulgarians[62] |
Ivan Sratsimir | 1356–1396 | Third son of Ivan Alexander. Ruled in Vidin. Captured by the Ottomans in 1396 and imprisoned in Bursa where he was strangled.[63] |
| Tsar | Constantine II | 1397–1422 | Son of Ivan Sratsimir (Ivan Sracimir) of Bulgaria by Anna, daughter of prince Nicolae Alexandru of Wallachia. He was crowned co-emperor by his father in or before 1395. | |
Pulgaraland þæt Bregorīce and Pulgaraland þæt Cynerīce (1878–1946)adihtan | ||||
| Battenberg Hūs | ||||
 |
Brego | Alexander I | 29 April 1879 – 7 September 1886 | Abdicated due to Russian pressure. Forþferde on 23 October 1893 in Graz. |
| Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Hūs | ||||
 |
Brego/Tsar | Ferdinand I | 7 July 1887 – 3 October 1918 | Became Tsar after the official proclamation of independence on 22 September 1908. Abdicated on 3 October 1918 after the defeat in World War I. Forþferde on 10 September 1948 in Coburg. |
 |
Tsar | Boris III | 3 October 1918 – 28 August 1943 | Forþferde on 28 August 1943 in unclear circumstances. |
| |
Tsar | Simeon II | 28 August 1943 – 15 September 1946 | Monarchy abolished by the Communists. He þegnede sƿa Pulgaralandes Forma Þegn betƿuh 24 July 2001 and 17 August 2005. |
Ūtƿearda hlencas
adihtan- (Nīƿenglisce) Detailed list of Bulgarian rulers (PDF)
References
adihtan- ↑ Andreev, p. 19
- ↑ Andreev, p. 23
- ↑ Whittow, p. 273
- ↑ Andreev, p. 27
- ↑ Andreev, p. 29
- ↑ Andreev, p. 30
- ↑ Andreev, p. 32
- ↑ Andreev, p. 33
- ↑ Andreev, p. 35
- ↑ Andreev, p. 36
- ↑ Andreev, p. 38
- ↑ Andreev, p. 39
- ↑ Andreev, p. 40
- ↑ Andreev, p. 42
- ↑ Andreev, p. 44
- ↑ Andreev, pp. 53–54
- ↑ Tarnovo Inscription of Khan Omurtag (Russian). Writen fram the original on 4 October 2011. Begieten on 14 March 2011.
- ↑ Andreev, p. 62
- ↑ Andreev, pp. 61–62
- ↑ Andreev, pp. 67–68
- ↑ Andreev, p. 70
- ↑ Whittow, p. 284
- ↑ Andreev, pp. 85–86
- ↑ Andreev, p. 89
- ↑ Stephenson, p. 23
- ↑ Stephenson, p. 22
- ↑ Andreev, pp. 103–104
- ↑ Whittow, p. 292
- ↑ Andreev, p. 112
- ↑ Andreev, p. 118
- ↑ Andreev, p. 121-122
- ↑ Whittow, p. 297
- ↑ Andreev, p. 127
- ↑ Andreev, pp. 129–130
- ↑ Andreev, p. 133
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 Andreev, p. 136
- ↑ Andreev, p. 142-143
- ↑ 38.0 38.1 Andreev, pp. 146–147
- ↑ Andreev, pp. 157–158
- ↑ Andreev, p. 173
- ↑ Andreev, p. 184
- ↑ Laskaris, p. 5
- ↑ Andreev, p. 193
- ↑ Andreev, p. 197
- ↑ Andreev, p. 205
- ↑ Andreev, p. 208
- ↑ Andreev, p. 211
- ↑ Ivanov, pp. 578–579
- ↑ Andreev, p. 229
- ↑ Andreev, p. 233
- ↑ Andreev, p. 239
- ↑ Andreev, p. 240
- ↑ Andreev, p. 244
- ↑ Andreev, p. 251
- ↑ Andreev, p. 254
- ↑ 56.0 56.1 Andreev, p. 263
- ↑ Andreev, p. 267
- ↑ Ivanov, p. 584
- ↑ Ivanov, pp. 590–591
- ↑ Ivanov, pp. 602–608
- ↑ Andreev, p. 286
- ↑ Miletich, L.. Daco-Romanians and their Slavic Literacy. Part II (Bulgarian). Begieten on 14 March 2011.
- ↑ Andreev, p. 298
Fruman
adihtan- Andreev, Jordan (1996). The Bulgarian Khans and Tsars (in Bulgarian). Veliko Tarnovo: Abagar. ISBN 954-427-216-X.
- Bakalov, Georgi (1995). The Medieval Bulgarian Ruler (Title and Insignia) (in Bulgarian).
- Ivanov, Yordan (1970). Bulgarian Antiquities from Macednia (in Bulgarian). Sofia: BAN.
- Laskaris, M. (1930). Bulgarian Antiquities (Book XI). The Vatopedi Charter of Emperor Ivan Asen II (in Bulgarian). Sofia: BAN, Darzhavna Pechatnitsa.
- Runciman, Steven (1930). A History of the First Bulgarian Empire. London: George Bell & Sons. OCLC 832687.
- Stephenson, Paul (2004). Byzantium's Balkan Frontier. A Political Study of the Northern Balkans (900–1204). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-511-03402-4.
- Whittow, Mark (1996). The Making of Byzantium (600–1025). Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-20497-2.
- Zlatarski, Vasil [1927] (1971). History of the Bulgarian state in the Middle Ages. Volume I. History of the First Bulgarian Empire., 2 (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Nauka i izkustvo. OCLC 67080314.
| Þis geƿrit hæfþ ƿordcƿide on Nīƿenglisce. |