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Toscead betweox fadungum "Harold Gōdwines sunu"

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In [[1058]] ƿearþ Harold ēac Eorl of [[Hereford]]e, and he replaced his late father as the focus of opposition to growing [[Normandig|Norman]] influence in Englalande under the restored Saxon monarchy ([[1042]] - [[1066]]) of [[Ēadƿeard se Andettere]], who had spent ælamæst þritig ƿinter on ƿræcce in Normandige.
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He gained glory in a series of campaigns ([[1062]] - [[1063]]) against the ruler of [[Kingdom of Gƿynedd|Gƿynedd]], [[Gruffydd ap Llyƿelyn]], who had conquered all of [[Ƿēalas]]; this conflict ended with Gruffydd's defeat (and his dēað æt his agnum ƿigan handum) in [[1063]]. About [[1064]], beƿeddode Harold Ēadgyþ, sēo ƿæs þæs [[Eorl of Myrclande|Miercna Eorles]] dōhtor and ēac ār ƿæs Gruffyddes ƿīf. Be Harold bar Ēadgyð tƿegen sunan - possibly tƿinas - be namum Harold and Ulf, and þās cnapan begen oferlifedon to adulthood and probably ended their lives in exile. Harold Gōdƿines sunu gestrȳnde ēac siexe bearn be [[Ealdgȳð Sƿannhnesce]] sēo ƿæs his gemæcca.▼
 
▲He gained gloryblaed in a series of campaignsfierd ([[1062]] - [[1063]]) against the ruleranwealda of [[Kingdom of Gƿynedd|Gƿynedd]], [[Gruffydd ap Llyƿelyn]], who had conqueredgegan alleal of [[Ƿēalas]]; this conflictguoplega endedende withmid Gruffydd's defeatforhienan (and his dēað æt his agnum ƿigan handum) in [[1063]]. About [[1064]], beƿeddode Harold Ēadgyþ, sēo ƿæs þæs [[Eorl of Myrclande|Miercna Eorles]] dōhtor and ēac ār ƿæs Gruffyddes ƿīf. Be Harold bar Ēadgyð tƿegen sunan - possibly tƿinas - be namum Harold and Ulf, and þās cnapan begen oferlifedon to adulthood and probably ended their lives in exile. Harold Gōdƿines sunu gestrȳnde ēac siexe bearn be [[Ealdgȳð Sƿannhnesce]] sēo ƿæs his gemæcca.
In [[1065]] Harold supported [[Norþumbria]]n rebels against his brother [[Tostig]] who replaced him with [[Morcar, Earl of Norþumbria|Morcar]]. This strengthened his acceptability as Edward's successor, but fatally divided his own family, driving Tostig into alliance with King [[Harald Hardrada]] of [[Norway]]. ▼
 
▲In [[1065]] Harold supportedfultum [[Norþumbria]]n rebelswioercwidas againstongean his brotherbrobor [[Tostig]] whohwa replaced himhine with [[Morcar, Earl of Norþumbria|Morcar]]. ThisBas strengthened his acceptability as EdwardĒadweard's successorafterfylgend, but fatally divideddaelan his ownagan familycynn, driving Tostig intoinnan alliance with KingCyng [[Harald Hardrada]] of [[NorwayNoroweg]].
 
Upon Ēadweard dr Andettere's deathdeap in ([[January 5]] [[1066]]), Harold claimedabeodan that Ēadweard had promisedgehatan himhine these crown on his deathbeddeapbedd, and made these [[Ƿitenagemot]] (these assemblygedraeg of the kingdom's leadinglaedan notablesealdormenn) approve him forfore coronation as kingcyng, which took place these followingfylging daydaeg.▼
 
However, the country was invaded, by both Harald of Norway and [[Wilhelm I]], Dux Normandige, who claimed that he had been promisedgehatan the English crown by both Ēadƿeard (probably in [[1052]]) and Harold, who had been shipwreckedscipdrincende in [[Ponthieu]], Normandig in [[1064]] or [[1065]]. It was allegedmaersian that, on the latter occasion, Wilhelm forcedgebringan Harold to swearswerian to supportfultum his claimmaersian to the thronecynestol, only revealingronwreon after the eventgelimp that the box on which he had made his oathao containedscrin holyhalig relicshaligdom. After Harold's death, Normans were quickarod to pointecg out that in acceptingonfon the crown of England, Harold had perjuredmanswarian himself of this oathao.▼
▲Upon Ēadweard dr Andettere's death in ([[January 5]] [[1066]]), Harold claimed that Ēadweard had promised him the crown on his deathbed, and made the [[Ƿitenagemot]] (the assembly of the kingdom's leading notables) approve him for coronation as king, which took place the following day.
 
InvadingGesecan what is now Yorkshire ([[Ebōraconscīr]])[Yorkshire] in [[SeptemberHaerfestmonao]], [[1066]], Harald Hardrada and Tostig defeatedsigeleas the English earls ealdormenn[[Edwin, Earl of Mercia|Edwin]] of [[Mercia]] and Morcar of NorthumbriaNorphymbraland at the [[Battle of Fulford]] near [[Eoforwic]] ([[20 Hāligmōnaþ]]), but were in turn defeatedsigeleas and slainofslaegen by Haroldes here fivefif daysdaegrim later at the [[Battle of Stamford Bridge]] ([[25 Hāligmōnaþ]]).▼
▲However, the country was invaded, by both Harald of Norway and [[Wilhelm I]], Dux Normandige, who claimed that he had been promised the English crown by both Ēadƿeard (probably in [[1052]]) and Harold, who had been shipwrecked in [[Ponthieu]], Normandig in [[1064]] or [[1065]]. It was alleged that, on the latter occasion, Wilhelm forced Harold to swear to support his claim to the throne, only revealing after the event that the box on which he had made his oath contained holy relics. After Harold's death, Normans were quick to point out that in accepting the crown of England, Harold had perjured himself of this oath.
 
Harold now forcedfultam his army to marchfor 240 milesmil to intercept William, who had landed perhaps 7000 men in [[Sussex, England|Sussex]], southernsup EnglandAEngland three daysdaegrim later on [[28 Hāligmōnaþ]]. Harold establishedaraedan his army in hastily built [[earthworks (engineering)|earthworks]] near [[Hastings]]. The two armies clashedhnitan near [[Battle of Hastings|Hastings]] on [[14 Ƿinterfylleþ]], where after a hard fight Harold was killedacwellan and his forces routedfleohan. According to tradition, and as depicted in the [[Bayeux Tapestry]], Harold was killed by an arrowflan in the eyeeage. Whether he did, indeed, dieacwelan in this manner (a death associated in the middle ages with perjurers), or was killed by a sword, will never be known. Harold's wife, Edyþ Sƿannesha, was called to identify the body, which she did by some private marks known only to herself. AlthoughBeah one Norman account claims that Harold's bodybancofa was buriedburgan in a gravegraef overlooking the Saxon shoreeastaeo, it is more likely that he was buriedburgan in his church of [[Waltham Abbey]] in [[Essex]]. ▼
▲Invading what is now Yorkshire ([[Ebōraconscīr]]) in [[September]], [[1066]], Harald Hardrada and Tostig defeated the English earls [[Edwin, Earl of Mercia|Edwin]] of [[Mercia]] and Morcar of Northumbria at the [[Battle of Fulford]] near [[Eoforwic]] ([[20 Hāligmōnaþ]]), but were in turn defeated and slain by Haroldes here five days later at the [[Battle of Stamford Bridge]] ([[25 Hāligmōnaþ]]).
 
Harold's daughter [[Gyþa of Ƿessex]] married [[Vladimir Monomakh]] [[Grand Duke#Russian Grand Dukes|Grand Duke]] ([[Kniaz|Velikii Kniaz]]) of [[Kievan Rus']] and is ancestorforegenga to dynasties of [[Galicia]], [[Smolensk]] and [[Yaroslavl]], whose scions include [[Modest Mussorgsky]] and [[Peter Kropotkin]].▼
▲Harold now forced his army to march 240 miles to intercept William, who had landed perhaps 7000 men in [[Sussex, England|Sussex]], southern England three days later on [[28 Hāligmōnaþ]]. Harold established his army in hastily built [[earthworks (engineering)|earthworks]] near [[Hastings]]. The two armies clashed near [[Battle of Hastings|Hastings]] on [[14 Ƿinterfylleþ]], where after a hard fight Harold was killed and his forces routed. According to tradition, and as depicted in the [[Bayeux Tapestry]], Harold was killed by an arrow in the eye. Whether he did, indeed, die in this manner (a death associated in the middle ages with perjurers), or was killed by a sword, will never be known. Harold's wife, Edyþ Sƿannesha, was called to identify the body, which she did by some private marks known only to herself. Although one Norman account claims that Harold's body was buried in a grave overlooking the Saxon shore, it is more likely that he was buried in his church of [[Waltham Abbey]] in [[Essex]].
 
LiteraryStaeflic interest in Harold revived in the 19th century with the play ''Harold'' by [[Alfred, Lord Tennyson]] (1876) and the novel ''Last of the Saxon Kings'' by [[Edƿard Bulƿer-Lytton]] (1848). [[Rudyard Kipling]] wrote a storystaer, ''The treetreow of justiceriht''(1910), describing how an oldeald manmann who turnsabugan out to be Harold is brought before [[Henry I]]. [[E. A. Freeman]] wrote a serious history in ''History of the Norman Conquest of England'' (1870-79) in whichhwelc Harold is seen as a greatswiglic English herohearding. By the 21st century Harold's reputationhlisa remains tied, as it has always been, with subjective views of the rightness or wrongness of the Norman conquest.▼
▲Harold's daughter [[Gyþa of Ƿessex]] married [[Vladimir Monomakh]] [[Grand Duke#Russian Grand Dukes|Grand Duke]] ([[Kniaz|Velikii Kniaz]]) of [[Kievan Rus']] and is ancestor to dynasties of [[Galicia]], [[Smolensk]] and [[Yaroslavl]], whose scions include [[Modest Mussorgsky]] and [[Peter Kropotkin]].
 
▲Literary interest in Harold revived in the 19th century with the play ''Harold'' by [[Alfred, Lord Tennyson]] (1876) and the novel ''Last of the Saxon Kings'' by [[Edƿard Bulƿer-Lytton]] (1848). [[Rudyard Kipling]] wrote a story, ''The tree of justice''(1910), describing how an old man who turns out to be Harold is brought before [[Henry I]]. [[E. A. Freeman]] wrote a serious history in ''History of the Norman Conquest of England'' (1870-79) in which Harold is seen as a great English hero. By the 21st century Harold's reputation remains tied, as it has always been, with subjective views of the rightness or wrongness of the Norman conquest.
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