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Wikipǣdia:IPA for Nīƿenglisce

(Edlǣded of Wikipǣdia:IPA for English)
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WP:IPAE
Þis geƿrit hæfþ ƿordcƿide on Nīƿenglisce.

The pronunciation of English words in Wikipedia is given in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) using the following transcription, which is not specific to any one dialect. For a more complete key to the IPA, see Wikipedia:IPA, which includes sounds that do not occur in English. If the IPA symbols do not display properly on your browser, see the links at the bottom of this page.

  Understanding the key  
This key accommodates standard General American, Received Pronunciation, Canadian English, South African English, Australian English, and New Zealand English pronunciations. Therefore, not all of the distinctions shown here will be relevant to your dialect. If, for example, you pronounce cot /ˈkɒt/ and caught /ˈkɔːt/ the same, you can simply ignore the difference between the symbols /ɒ/ and /ɔː/, just as you ignore the distinction between the written vowels o and au when pronouncing them.

In many dialects /r/ occurs only before a vowel; if you speak such a dialect, simply ignore /r/ in the pronunciation guides where you would not pronounce it, as in cart /ˈkɑrt/. In other dialects, /j/ (a y sound) cannot occur after /t/, /d/, /n/ etc. in the same syllable; if you speak such a dialect, ignore the /j/ in transcriptions such as new /njuː/.

For example, New York is transcribed /njuː ˈjɔrk/. For most people from England, and for some New Yorkers, the /r/ in /ˈjɔrk/ is not pronounced and can be ignored; for most people from the US, including some New Yorkers, the /j/ in /njuː/ is not pronounced and can be ignored.

On the other hand, there are some distinctions which you might make but which this key does not encode, as they are seldom reflected in the dictionaries used as sources for Wikipedia articles. Examples include the difference between the vowels of fir, fur and fern in Scottish and Irish English, the vowels of bad and had in many parts of Australia and the Eastern United States, and the vowels of spider and spied her in some parts of Scotland and North America.

Other words may have different vowels depending on the speaker. Bath, for example, originally had the /æ/ vowel of cat, but for many speakers it now has the /ɑː/ vowel of father. Such words are transcribed twice, once for each pronunciation: /ˈbæθ, ˈbɑːθ/.

The IPA stress mark (ˈ) comes before the syllable that has the stress, in contrast to stress marking in pronunciation keys of some dictionaries published in the United States.

Key

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(Words in small capitals are the standard lexical sets. Words in the lexical sets bath and cloth are given two transcriptions, respectively one with /ɑː/ and one with /æ/, and with /ɒ/ and /ɔː/).

Consonants
IPA Examples
b buy, cab
d die, cad
ð thy, breathe, father
dʒ giant, badge, jam
f phi, caff, fan
ɡ (ɡ)[1] guy, bag
h high, ahead
j yes, yacht
k sky, crack
l lie, sly, gal
m my, smile, cam
n nigh, snide, can
ŋ sang, sink, singer
ŋɡ finger, anger
θ thigh, math
p pie, spy, cap
r rye, try, very[2]
s sigh, mass
ʃ shy, cash, emotion
t tie, sty, cat, atom
tʃ China, catch
v vie, have
w wye, swine
hw why[3]
z xi, zoo, has
ʒ pleasure, vision, beige[4]
Marginal consonants
x ugh, loch, Chanukah[5]
ʔ uh-oh /ˈʌʔoʊ/
Vowels
IPA Full vowels ... followed by R[6][7]
ɑː palm, baht, father, bra ɑr start, bard, barn, snarl, star (also /ɑːr./)
ɒ lot, pod, song, doll[8] ɒr moral, forage
æ trap, pad, shall, ban ær barrow, marry
aɪ price, ride, file, fine, pie[9] aɪər fire (/aɪr./)[7]
aʊ mouth, loud, foul, down, how aʊər hour (/aʊr./)[7]
ɛ dress, bed, fell, men[10] ɛr error, merry[11]
eɪ face, made, fail, vein, pay ɛər square, scared, scarce, cairn, Mary (/eɪr./)[12][7]
ɪ kit, lid, fill, bin ɪr mirror, Sirius
iː fleece, seed, feel, mean, sea ɪər near, beard, fierce, serious (/iːr./)
ɔː thought, Maud, dawn, fall, straw[13] ɔr north, born, for, aural (/ɔːr./)
ɔɪ choice, void, foil, coin, boy ɔɪər loir, coir (/ɔɪr./)[7]
oʊ goat, code, foal, bone, go[14] ɔər force, boar, more, oral (/oʊr./)[15]
ʊ foot, good, full, woman ʊr courier
uː goose, food, fool, soon, chew ʊər boor, moor, tourist (/uːr./)[16]
juː cued, cute, mule, tune, queue[17] jʊər cure
ʌ strut, mud, dull, gun[18] ʌr borough, hurry
ɜr nurse, word, girl, fern, furry (/ɝː/)[19]
Reduced vowels
ə Rosa’s, a mission, comma ər letter, perform (also /ɚ/)[19]
ɨ roses, emission[20] (either ɪ or ə) ən button
ɵ omission[21] (either oʊ or ə) əm rhythm
ʉ beautiful, curriculum ([jʉ])[22] (either ʊ or ə) əl bottle
i happy, serious[23] (either ɪ or iː) ᵊ, ⁱ (vowel is frequently dropped: nasturtium)
 
Stress Syllabification
IPA Examples IPA Examples
ˈ intonation /ˌɪntɵˈneɪʃən/,[24]
battleship /ˈbætəlʃɪp/[25] 		. shellfish /ˈʃɛl.fɪʃ/, selfish /ˈsɛlf.ɨʃ/
nitrate /ˈnaɪ.treɪt/, night-rate /ˈnaɪt.reɪt/
hire /ˈhaɪər/, higher /ˈhaɪ.ər/
moai /ˈmoʊ.aɪ/, Windhoek /ˈvɪnt.hʊk/
Vancouveria /væn.kuːˈvɪəriə/[26]
ˌ

Notes

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  1. ↑ If the two characters ‹ɡ› and ‹ › do not match and if the first looks like a ‹γ›, then you have an issue with your default font. See Rendering issues.
  2. ↑ Although the IPA symbol [r] represents a trill, /r/ is widely used instead of /ɹ/ in broad transcriptions of English.
  3. ↑ /hw/ is not distinguished from /w/ in dialects with the wine-whine merger, such as RP and most varieties of GenAm.
  4. ↑ A number of English words, such as genre and garage, are pronounced with either /ʒ/ or /dʒ/.
  5. ↑ In most dialects, /x/ is replaced by /k/ in loch and by /h/ in Chanukah.
  6. ↑ In non-rhotic accents such as RP, /r/ is not pronounced unless followed by a vowel. In some Wikipedia articles, /ɪər/ etc. may not be distinguished from /ɪr/ etc. When they are distinguished, the long vowels may be transcribed /iːr/ etc. by analogy with vowels not followed by /r/. If you notify us of this on the talk page, we will correct it.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Note that many speakers distinguish monosyllabic triphthongs with R and disyllabic realizations: hour /ˈaʊər/ from plougher /ˈplaʊ.ər/, hire /ˈhaɪər/ from higher /ˈhaɪ.ər/, loir /ˈlɔɪər/ from employer /ɨmˈplɔɪ.ər/, mare /ˈmɛər/ from mayor /ˈmeɪ.ər/.
  8. ↑ /ɒ/ is not distinguished from /ɑː/ in dialects with the father-bother merger such as GenAm.
  9. ↑ Many speakers, for example in most of Canada, have a different vowel in price and ride. Generally, an [aɪ] is used at the ends of words and before voiced sounds, as in ride, file, fine, pie, while an [əɪ] is used before voiceless sounds, as in price and write. Because /t/ and /d/ are often conflated in the middle of words in these dialects, derivatives of these words, such as rider and writer, may be distinguished only by their vowel: [ˈɹʷaɪɾəɹ], [ˈɹʷəɪɾəɹ]. However, even though the value of /aɪ/ is not predictable in some words, such as spider [ˈspəɪɾəɹ],[sēðung þurfed] dictionaries do not generally record it, so it has not been allocated a separate transcription here.
  10. ↑ Instead of ɛ, many dictionaries use /e/ as a simplification, in other words without actually intending this sound.[1][2][3]
  11. ↑ Instead of ɛ, many dictionaries use /e/ as a simplification, in other words without actually intending this sound.[4][5][6]
  12. ↑ The GenAm pronunciation is ɛr. Instead of using ɛ in RP ɛər and GenAm ɛr, many dictionaries use /e/ (eər in RP and er in GenAm) as a simplification, in other words without actually intending this sound.[7][8][9]
  13. ↑ /ɔː/ is not distinguished from /ɑː/ (except before /r/) in dialects with the cot-caught merger such as some varieties of GenAm.
  14. ↑ Commonly transcribed /əʊ/ or /oː/.
  15. ↑ /ɔər/ is not distinguished from /ɔr/ in dialects with the horse-hoarse merger, which include most dialects of modern English.
  16. ↑ /ʊər/ is not distinguished from /ɔr/ in dialects with the pour-poor merger, including many younger speakers.
  17. ↑ In dialects with yod-dropping, /juː/ is pronounced the same as /uː/ after coronal consonants (/t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /n/, /θ/, and /l/) in the same syllable, so that dew /djuː/ is pronounced the same as do /duː/. In dialects with yod-coalescence, /tj/, /dj/, /sj/ and /zj/ are pronounced /tʃ/, /dʒ/, /ʃ/ and /ʒ/, so that the first syllable in Tuesday is pronounced the same as choose.
  18. ↑ This phoneme is not used in the northern half of England and some bordering parts of Wales. These words would take the ʊ vowel: there is no foot-strut split.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 In some articles /ɜr/ is transcribed as /ɝː/, and /ər/ as /ɚ/, when not followed by a vowel.
  20. ↑ Pronounced [ə] in Australian and many US dialects, and [ɪ] in Received Pronunciation. Many speakers freely alternate between a reduced [ɪ̈] and a reduced [ə]. Many phoneticians (vd. Olive & Greenwood 1993:322) and the OED uses the pseudo-IPA symbol ɪ [10], and Merriam–Webster uses ə̇.
  21. ↑ Pronounced [ə] in many dialects, and [ɵw] or [əw] before another vowel, as in cooperate. Sometimes pronounced as a full /oʊ/, especially in careful speech. (Bolinger 1989) Usually transcribed as /ə(ʊ)/ (or similar ways of showing variation between /əʊ/ and /ə/) in British dictionaries.
  22. ↑ Pronounced [ʊ] in many dialects, [ə] in others. Many speakers freely alternate between a reduced [ʊ̈] and a reduced [ə]. The OED uses the pseudo-IPA symbol ʊ [11].
  23. ↑ Pronounced /iː/ in dialects with the happy tensing, /ɪ/ in other dialects. British convention used to transcribe it with /ɪ/, but the OED and other influential dictionaries recently converted to /i/.
  24. ↑ It is arguable that there is no phonemic distinction in English between primary and secondary stress (vd. Ladefoged 1993), but it is conventional to notate them as here.
  25. ↑ Full vowels following a stressed syllable, such as the ship in battleship, are marked with secondary stress in some dictionaries (Merriam-Webster), but not in others (the OED). Such syllables are not actually stressed.
  26. ↑ Syllables are indicated sparingly, where necessary to avoid confusion, for example to break up sequences of vowels (moai) or consonant clusters which an English speaker might misread as a digraph (Vancouveria, Windhoek).

See also

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