Toscead betweox fadungum "Harold Gōdwines sunu"
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Harold Godwinson gefered tō Harold Godƿinson |
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Líne 1:
{{Cyþþubox Æþel| nama= <center>Harold Godwinson</center>
| titul = Cyning Englalandes
| biliþ = HaroldGodwinson.jpg
| biliþgw = 210px
| cynedom = [[5 Æfterra Gēola]] – [[14 Winterfylleþ]] [[1066]]
| gehalgod = [[6 Æfterra Gēola]] [[1066]]
| foregenga=[[Ēadweard se Andettere]]
| æftergenga=[[Ēadgar Æþeling]]
| bryd = [[Eadgyth Swan-neck]]
| hus = [[Godwin]]
| bearn = [[Eleanor of Proventse]] (c. [[1223]]–[[1291|91]])
| bearn = Godwin<br />Ēadmund<br />Magnus<br />Gunhild<br />Gyþa<br />Harold<br />Ulf
| fæder = [[Godwin, Eorl of Westseaxum]]
| modor = [[Gyþa Þorkelsdóttir]]
| acennesse = [[1022]]
| dēaþ = 14 Winterfylleþ 1066
| byrgen = [[Waltham Mynster]]
}}
'''Harold Godwinson''', oþþe '''Harold II''' (c. [[1022]] - [[14 Winterfylleþ]], [[1066]]) wæs se endenīehsta Seaxisca Engla cyning. Hē wēold of 5um Æfterran Gēolan oþ 14um Winterfylleðes, 1066, þonne hē wearþ in þǣm [[Beadu Hǣstingum|Beadwe Hǣstingum]] gecweald.
Haroldes fæder wæs [[Godwin Eorl of Westseaxum|Godwin]], se onwealdiga [[Eorl of Westseaxe]]. Godwin wæs sunu [[Wulfnoþ Cild|Wulfnoðes Cildes]], [[þegn]] on [[Sūþseaxe|Sūþseaxum]] and wīfode tuwa. His ǣreste wīf wæs [[Þyra Sveinsdōttir]] ([[994]] - [[1018]]), [[Swegn I Dena Cyning|Swegnes I Dena and Norrena Cyninges]] dōhtor, hwelc Swegn Cyning wæs ēac cyning ofer Englalande. His ōðer wīf wæs [[Gyþa Þorkelsdōttir]], suna dōhtor þæs [[Swēoland|Swēolandes]] wicinges [[Styrbjörn Starke|Styrbjörnes Starkes]] and þridde dōhtor [[Harold Hǣwentōþ|Haroldes Hǣwentōþes]], Dena and Norrena cyning, fæder Swegnes I. Godwin and his ōðere wīf hæfdon twēgen suna: Harold and [[Tostig Eorl|Tostig]], and āne dōhtor [[Ēadgyþ Engla Cwēn]] ([[1020]] - [[1075]]), [[Ēadweard se Andettere|Ēadweardes þǣs Andetteres]] cwēn.
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Created [[Eorl]] [[Eastengle|Eastengla]] in [[1045]], Harold accompanied Godwin into exile in [[1051]] but helped him to regain his position a year later. When Godwin died in [[1053]], Harold succeeded him as Earl of [[Wessex]] (a province at that time covering the southernmost third of England). This made him the second most powerful figure in England after the king.
In [[1058]] Harold wearþ ēac Eorl [[Hereford]]a, and he replaced his late father as the focus of opposition to growing [[Normandig|Norman]] influence in England under the restored Saxon monarchy ([[1042]] - [[1066]]) of [[Ēadweard se Andettere]], who had spent more than a quarter of a century in exile in Normandige.
He gained glory in a series of campaigns ([[1062]] - [[1063]]) against the ruler of [[Kingdom of Gwynedd|Gwynedd]], [[Gruffydd ap Llywelyn]], who had conquered all of [[Wales]]; this conflict ended with Gruffydd's defeat (and death at the hands of his own troops) in [[1063]]. About [[1064]], Harold married Edith, daughter of the [[Earl of Mercia]], and former wife of Gruffydd ap Llywelyn. By Harold, Edith had two sons - possibly twins - named Harold and Ulf, both of whom survived into adulthood and probably ended their lives in exile. Harold also had several illegitimate children by his famous mistress (or wife, according to [[Denmark|Danish]] law), "[[Ealdgyth Swan-neck]]" or "Edith Swan-neck" or "Edith Swanneck".
In [[1065]] Harold supported [[Northumbria]]n rebels against his brother [[Tostig Godwinson|Tostig]] who replaced him with [[Morcar, Earl of Northumbria|Morcar]]. This strengthened his acceptability as Edward's successor, but fatally divided his own family, driving Tostig into alliance with King [[Harald III of Norway|Harald Hardrada]] ("Hard Reign") of [[Norway]].
Upon Ēadweard dr Andettere's death in ([[January 5]] [[1066]]), Harold claimed that Ēadweard had promised him the crown on his deathbed, and made the [[Witenagemot]] (the assembly of the kingdom's leading notables) approve him for coronation as king, which took place the following day.
However, the country was invaded, by both Harald of Norway and [[Wilhelm I Englalandes|Wilhelm]], [[Dux Normandige]], who claimed that he had been promised the English crown by both Ēadweard (probably in [[1052]]) and Harold, who had been shipwrecked in [[Ponthieu]], Normandig in [[1064]] or [[1065]]. It was alleged that, on the latter occasion, Wilhelm forced Harold to swear to support his claim to the throne, only revealing after the event that the box on which he had made his oath contained holy relics. After Harold's death, Normans were quick to point out that in accepting the crown of England, Harold had perjured himself of this oath.
Invading what is now Yorkshire ([[Ebōraconscīr]]) in [[September]], [[1066]], Harald Hardrada and Tostig defeated the English earls [[Edwin, Earl of Mercia|Edwin]] of [[Mercia]] and Morcar of Northumbria at the [[Battle of Fulford]] near [[Eoforwic]] ([[20 Hāligmōnaþ]]), but were in turn defeated and slain by Haroldes here five days later at the [[Battle of Stamford Bridge]] ([[25 Hāligmōnaþ]]).
Harold now forced his army to march 240 miles to intercept William, who had landed perhaps 7000 men in [[Sussex, England|Sussex]], southern England three days later on [[28 Hāligmōnaþ]]. Harold established his army in hastily built [[earthworks (engineering)|earthworks]] near [[Hastings]]. The two armies clashed near [[Battle of Hastings|Hastings]] on [[14 Winterfylleþ]], where after a hard fight Harold was killed and his forces routed. According to tradition, and as depicted in the [[Bayeux Tapestry]], Harold was killed by an arrow in the eye. Whether he did, indeed, die in this manner (a death associated in the middle ages with perjurers), or was killed by the sword, will never be known. Harold's wife, Edith Swanneck, was called to identify the body, which she did by some private mark (the face being destroyed) known only to herself. Although one Norman account claims that Harold's body was buried in a grave overlooking the Saxon shore, it is more likely that he was buried in his church of [[Waltham Abbey|Waltham Holy Cross]] in [[Essex]].
Harold's illegitimate daughter [[Gytha of Wessex]] married [[Vladimir Monomakh]] [[Grand Duke#Russian Grand Dukes|Grand Duke]] ([[Kniaz|Velikii Kniaz]]) of [[Kievan Rus']] and is ancestor to dynasties of [[Galicia]], [[Smolensk]] and [[Yaroslavl]], whose scions include [[Modest Mussorgsky]] and [[Peter Kropotkin]]. Consequently the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] recently recognised Harold as a [[martyr]] with [[14 Winterfylleþ]] as his [[feast day]].
A cult of hero worship rose around Harold and by the 12th century legend says that Harold had indeed survived the battle, had spent two years in Winchester after the battle recovering from his wounds, and then traveled to Þēodiscland where he spent years wandering as a pilgrim. As an old man he returned to Englaland and lived as a hermit in a cave near [[Dover, England|Dover]]. As he lay dying, he confessed that although he went by the name of Christian, he had been born Harold Godwineson. Various versions of this story persisted throughout the Middle Ages, and have little claim to fact.
Literary interest in Harold revived in the 19th century with the play ''Harold'' by [[Alfred, Lord Tennyson]] (1876) and the novel ''Last of the Saxon Kings'' by [[Edward Bulwer-Lytton]] (1848). [[Rudyard Kipling]] wrote a story, ''The tree of justice''(1910), describing how an old man who turns out to be Harold is brought before [[Henry I Englalandes|Henry I]]. [[E. A. Freeman]] wrote a serious history in ''History of the Norman Conquest of England'' (1870-79) in which Harold is seen as a great English hero. By the 21st century Harold's reputation remains tied, as it has always been, with subjective views of the rightness or wrongness of the Norman conquest.
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{{succession box | befōran=[[Ēadweard se Andettere]] | tītul=[[Engla Cyning]] | gēar=[[5 Æfterra Gēola]] – [[14 Winterfylleþ]], [[1066]]| æfter=[[Ēadgar Æþeling]] }}
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[[Flocc:Lēode]]
[[Flocc:Engla cyningas]]
[[Flocc:Angelseaxisc Englaland]]
[[ar:هارولد الثاني]]
[[be:Гаральд II Годвінсан]]
[[bg:Харолд II Годуинсън]]
[[bs:Harold II]]
[[ca:Harold II d'Anglaterra]]
[[cs:Harold II. Godwinson]]
[[cy:Harold II, brenin Lloegr]]
[[de:Harald II. (England)]]
[[el:Χάρολντ Β' της Αγγλίας]]
[[en:Harold Godwinson]]
[[eo:Harold la 2-a (Anglio)]]
[[es:Harold II de Inglaterra]]
[[et:Harold II]]
[[fi:Harald Godwininpoika]]
[[fr:Harold II d'Angleterre]]
[[ga:Arald Godwinson]]
[[gl:Haroldo II de Inglaterra]]
[[gv:Harral Godwinson]]
[[he:הרולד השני, מלך אנגליה]]
[[hr:Harold II., kralj Engleske]]
[[it:Aroldo II d'Inghilterra]]
[[ja:ハロルド2世 (イングランド王)]]
[[ka:ჰაროლდ გოდვინსონი]]
[[ko:해럴드 2세]]
[[la:Haroldus II (rex Anglorum)]]
[[nl:Harold II van Engeland]]
[[nn:Harald II av England]]
[[no:Harald II av England]]
[[pl:Harold II]]
[[pt:Haroldo II de Inglaterra]]
[[ro:Harold Godwinson]]
[[ru:Гарольд II Годвинсон]]
[[simple:Harold Godwinson]]
[[sk:Harold II.]]
[[sv:Harald Godwinson]]
[[th:สมเด็จพระเจ้าฮาโรลด์ กอดวินสัน]]
[[uk:Гарольд ІІ (король Англії)]]
[[zh:哈羅德·葛溫森]]
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